Intermediate Accounting I
By
Dr. Mohamed Abd Elfattah
Professor & Chairman  of Accounting & AuditingDept.
Text Book:
Jerry J. Weygandt, at al., Accounting Principles, 9th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, 2010.
Syllabus:
Chapter 13:
Corporations: Organization and Capital Stock Transactions.
Chapter 14:
Corporations: Dividends, Retained Earnings, and Income Reporting.
Chapter 15: 
Long-term Liabilities.
2013
CORPORATIONS: Organization and Capital Stock Transactions
Learning Objective:
(1)         Identify the major characteristics of a Corporation.
(2)         Differentiate between paid-in capital and retained earnings.
(3)         Record the issuance of common stock.
(4)         Explain the accounting for treasury stock.
(5)         Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.
(6)         Prepare a stockholders’ equity section.
(7)         Compute book value per share.
Corporation:
An entity created by law separate and distinct from its owners continued existence is dependent upon the statutes of the state in which it is incorporated.
Classification of corporations:
To earn a profit   Non for profit
                                                    Publicly      Privately                             
                                                   held              held
| 
Publicly-held corporations | 
Privately-held corporations | 
| 
   ·      May have thousands of stockholders. 
   ·      Stock is regularly traded on a national securities exchange. | 
   ·      Often referred to as closely held corporations. 
   ·       Usually have only a few stockholders. 
   ·      Does not offer its stock for sale to the general public. | 
Characteristics of a Corporation: 
·      Advantages of a Corporation:
            ·     Separate legal existence from its owners.
            ·     Stockholders have limited liability.
            ·     Ownership held in shares of capital stock      transferable units.
            ·     Ability to acquire capital through the issuance of stock.
            ·     Continuous life.
            ·     Professional management is at the discretion of the board of directors who are elected by the stockholders.
·      Disadvantages of a Corporation:
            ·     Subject to numerous government regulations.
            ·     Must pay an income tax on its earnings. 
            ·     Stockholders required paying taxes on the dividends they receive: the result is double taxation. 
Organization Costs: 
            ·     Costs incurred in forming a corporation; include legal fees, state fees and promotional expenditures.
            ·     Expensed as incurred since it is so difficult to determine the amount and timing of future benefits. 
Ownership Rights of Stockholders: 
            ·     Vote on actions that acquired stockholder approval.
            ·     Share in corporate earnings through the receipt of dividends.
            ·     Maintain the same percentage ownership when additional shares of common stock are issued (Preemptive right).
            ·     Share in assets upon liquidation (Residual claim).
A Stock Certificate
Stock Issue Considerations:  Authorized stock:
            ·     Amount of stock a corporation is allowed to sell as indicated by its charter.
            ·     The authorization of capital stock does not result in a formal accounting entry. 
            ·     This event has no immediate effect on either corporate assets or stockholders’ equity. 
Issuance of Stock:
            ·     A Corporation can issue common stock directly to investors or indirectly through an investment-banking firm (brokerage house) which may agree to underwrite the entire stock issue. 
            ·     Direct issue is typical in closely held companies. 
            ·     Indirect issue is customary for a publicly held corporation.
Stock market price:
            ·     Publicly held companies traded on organized exchanges dollar prices per share are established by the interaction between buyers and sellers.
            ·     The prices set by the marketplace generally follow the trend of a company’s earnings and dividends.
Par Value & No-Par Value Stock: 
| 
Par value stock | 
No-par stock | 
| 
Capital stock that has been assigned a value per share in the corporate charter represents the legal capital per share that must be retained in the business for the protection of corporate creditors. | 
Capital stock that has not been assigned a value in the corporate charter. In many states the board of directors can assign a stated value to the shares, which then becomes the legal capital per share. When there is no assigned stated value, the entire proceeds are considered to be legal capital. | 
            ·     Stockholders’ equity, shareholders’ equity, or corporate capital is the same.
            ·     Owner’s equity in a corporation appears in Stockholders’ equity section of a corporation’s balance sheet.
Paid-in (contributed) capital:
Total amount of cash and other assets paid in to the corporation by stockholders in exchange for capital stock shares both common and preferred.
Retained earnings:
Is net income that is retained in the corporation. Net income is recorded in Retained Earnings by a closing entry in which Income Summary is debited and Retained Earnings is credited.
Example:
If the net income for Delta Robotics is $130,000 in its first year of operations, the closing entry is: 
| 
Date | 
Account Titles and Explanation | 
Dr. | 
Cr. | 
| 
Income Summary  
      Retained Earnings 
(To close income summary and transfer net income to retained earnings) | 
130,000 | 
130,000 | 
Relationship of Authorized, Unissued, Issued, Outstanding, and Treasury Stock
·     Authorized stock:
·     Issued stock:
Is the shares sold or otherwise transferred to stockholders.
·     Unissued stock:
·     Outstanding stock:
Is the shares that has been issued and is still in circulation.
·     Treasury stock:
Is the shares that has been issued and repurchased by the corporation.
| 
Authorized stock | ||
| 
Issued | 
Unissued | |
| 
outstanding 
stock | 
Treasury 
stock | |
